Australia's initial response to the declaration of war on Nazi Germany in 1939 was sober, resigned. The experience of the first world war was still relatively fresh, the scars of the depression not totally healed. Many Australians joined the armed forces, especially after France surrendered in June 1940, but few of them at first were commited to battle. When they did begin to fight large numbers, the action was once again far from Australia. For the people at home it was largely "business as usual". Japanes aggression from December 1941 changed all that. Suddenly the war was at the country's very doorstep and an "all in" war effort was required.